Applying fertiliser without thought, of any kind and at any time of year, doesn't just waste money: in some cases it can harm plants by supplying nutrients they don't need at that point in their cycle.
Base fertiliser at planting
When planting, a slow-release fertiliser or organic matter is worked into the planting hole. It releases nutrients gradually over the first months while the new plant establishes itself, with no risk of "burning" young roots with too high a concentration.
Spring feeding: the start of growth
As winter ends, with the start of vegetative activity, is the usual time to apply a balanced fertiliser that boosts growth and, for flowering plants, encourages good flowering through the season.
Specific feeding by use
Lawns have different nitrogen needs from a rose bush or a fruit tree, so professional maintenance should vary the type of fertiliser by area rather than applying the same generic product to the whole garden for convenience.
Why not to feed in midsummer or winter dormancy
Feeding in the full heat of summer, when the plant slows down to save water, or in winter dormancy, can produce soft new growth that is poorly prepared for the conditions of the moment and more vulnerable to water stress or frost.
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